Ergogenic Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Strength and Power Performance

After 14 days, betaine raised bench throw power, isometric bench press force, isometric squat force and two of four vertical jump power measures against both placebo and pre-supplement values, with no change in squat jump power or in squat and bench press repetitions.
Summary

Twelve resistance-trained men took 1.25 g of betaine twice a day, or a placebo, for 14 days each in a crossover design, then completed two consecutive days of heavy lifting and jumping tests. Betaine raised bench throw power and isometric force in both the bench press and the squat, and raised power on some vertical jumps. The number of repetitions men could complete in the back squat and bench press did not change, and the gains were clearer in the upper body.

Context Note
Small sample of 12 men. Results were mixed, with no change in squat jump power or in repetitions.

Study breakdown

Why this study was done

Betaine is a compound found in foods such as wheat and beets. It helps cells hold their volume and donates methyl groups, small chemical units used in many reactions in the body. An earlier trial found no difference in bench press repetitions but more squat repetitions on some days. This team tested peak force and power rather than repetition counts, and looked at whether any effect held up on a second day of hard training.

How it was run

A balanced, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Crossover means every man did both conditions, acting as his own comparison.

  • 12 healthy, recreationally active men, mean age 21, mean mass 79.1 kg, all with at least three months of resistance training including the squat.
  • Each did a 14 day supplement period, then a 14 day washout, then the other 14 day period.
  • The supplement was 1.25 g of betaine in 300 mL of sports drink twice a day, plus a morning dose on testing days. The placebo was the same drink without betaine.
  • Testing ran on two consecutive days before and after each period: vertical jumps, a maximal isometric squat, squat jumps at 30 percent of one-rep max, back squats at 85 percent to fatigue, a maximal isometric bench press, bench throws, and bench press at 85 percent to fatigue.

Force and power were recorded on a force plate.

What they found

The upper body measures moved. Bench throw power after betaine was 1779 W on day one and 1788 W on day two, against pre-supplement values of 1534 W and 1498 W and placebo values of 1374 W and 1523 W. Isometric bench press force after betaine was 2922 N and 2503 N, against pre-supplement values of 2345 N and 2423 N and placebo values of 2175 N and 2128 N, all at p less than 0.05.

Lower body results were weaker and more scattered. Two of the four vertical jumps improved on each day against pre-supplement values, and isometric squat force improved. Squat jump power did not change, nor did the number of back squat or bench press repetitions to fatigue.

Plasma betaine rose above baseline and above placebo, which averaged 48 micromoles per liter. Blood measures of hydration, glucose and lactate did not differ between conditions, so the authors could not tie the results to fluid balance or lactate handling.

Limitations

Twelve young, recreationally trained men. No women, no older participants, no elite athletes. Several changes are reported against each man's own pre-supplement value rather than against placebo, which is a weaker comparison. Vertical jump improved in only two of four jumps. The authors say the lower body data varied more between individuals, and that jumping earlier in the protocol may have tired the legs before the squat tests. The study was funded by Danisco A/S, the company that supplied the betaine, and one author is employed by Danisco. The other nine authors, all at the University of Connecticut, declare no competing interests. The paper states publication is not an endorsement by the investigators, the university or the journal's editorial board.

What it means in practice

A small, well-controlled trial with a narrow result. It found changes in upper body force and power in 12 young trained men over 14 days, and no change in how many repetitions they could complete. It does not show gains in muscle size, strength over a training block, or performance in any sport. The industry funding and the author employed by the supplying company both matter when weighing a positive result from a sample this size.

Study Type
Randomized Controlled Trial
Published
2010
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Participants
12 recreationally active men, mean age 21, two 14-day crossover periods
Dose Studied
1.25 g betaine twice daily, 2.5 g per day, in 300 mL sports drink for 14 days
Health Focus
Strength & Power
Recovery
Ingredients
Betaine

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