Effect of Betaine Supplementation on Power Performance and Fatigue

Betaine raised squat repetitions to exhaustion at day 7 and the number of squat repetitions performed at 90 percent or more of peak power at days 7 and 14, but changed nothing in bench press endurance, vertical jump power, bench throw power or Wingate power, fatigue rate and total work.
Summary

Twenty-four active college men took either 1.25 g of betaine twice a day or a placebo for 15 days, with testing at the start and after one and two weeks. The betaine group completed more squat repetitions to exhaustion at 75% of their one-rep max after a week, and more of those repetitions were performed at high power. No differences appeared in bench press repetitions, vertical jump power, bench throw power, Wingate cycling power, mood or muscle soreness.

Context Note
The study set out to test power and fatigue and found no benefit on any power measure. The only positive result was squat muscle endurance. Largely a negative finding.

Study breakdown

Why this study was done

Betaine is a compound found in wheat, spinach, beets and shellfish, and the body also makes it from choline. It donates methyl groups, small chemical units used to build other compounds, including creatine. One earlier trial had reported gains in power with betaine, the only human study to show a performance benefit. This team set out to test that claim: does 15 days of betaine improve power and slow fatigue in active young men?

How it was run

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with two groups.

  • 24 recreationally active college men, all resistance training for at least three months, matched for size and strength then randomly assigned. Mean ages 20.4 and 21.4 years.
  • The supplement was 1.25 g of betaine, from sugar beet molasses, in 240 mL of sports drink twice a day for 15 days. The placebo was the drink alone, matched for look and taste, with the seal cracked so it looked the same.
  • Testing ran three times: before supplementation, at days 7 and 8, and at days 14 and 15.
  • Day one: vertical jump power, bench press throw power at 30 percent of one-rep max, and as many repetitions as possible at 75 percent of one-rep max in squat and bench press. Day two: two 30 second Wingate cycling tests, 5 minutes apart.

Mood was measured with the Profile of Mood States questionnaire and soreness with a 10 cm rating scale.

What they found

The power results were null. There was no difference between betaine and placebo in Wingate peak power, mean power, total work or rate of fatigue at any time point. Rate of fatigue ran at 23.9, 24.0 and 24.5 watts per second on betaine against 23.2, 24.6 and 23.9 on placebo. Vertical jump power and bench press throw power, peak and mean, did not differ. Neither did mood scores or soreness ratings.

Bench press results were also null: no difference in repetitions to exhaustion, and none at 90 percent of peak or mean power.

One measure moved. Squat repetitions to exhaustion were greater on betaine at days 7 to 8 (p less than 0.05). At days 14 to 15 the gap did not reach the threshold (p = 0.06). Squat repetitions at 90 percent or more of peak power were greater on betaine at both time points, and at 90 percent of mean power only later.

Limitations

24 people in two groups is a small trial, and single positive findings in small samples are unreliable. The groups were not identical at the start: the betaine group was lighter and shorter on average and had lower Wingate power at baseline. The study did not measure muscle creatine, so the proposed mechanism is untested, and the authors say so. They also note the power tests were not part of the men's training, which may have limited any improvement showing up. Danisco-USA funded the project and supplied the betaine. The researchers state they have no financial interest in the outcome, and the paper says publication is not an endorsement by the investigators, the college or the journal.

What it means in practice

This study asked whether betaine improves power and fatigue and found that it does not. Every power measure came back negative. The one thing that changed was how many squat repetitions the men could complete, in a single small study in young trained men. That is not more power, more strength, more muscle or better recovery, and the earlier study it was checking was not confirmed. Read it as a negative result with a narrow exception, not as evidence of benefit.

Study Type
Randomized Controlled Trial
Published
2009
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Participants
24 active college-aged men, mean age about 21, 15 days
Dose Studied
1.25 g betaine twice daily, 2.5 g per day, in 240 mL sports drink for 15 days
Health Focus
Strength & Power
Ingredients
Betaine

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